Meiosis

Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.

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Table of Contents:
1) Natural Selection 1:27
2) Adaptation 2:56
3) Fitness 3:36
4) Four Principals 3:54
a. Variations 4:01
b. Heritability 4:17
c. The Struggle for Existence 4:25
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:00
5) Biolography 5:59
6) Modes of Selection 7:40
a. Directional Selection 8:17
b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56
c. Disruptive Selection 9:27
7) Sexual Selection 10:22
8) Artificial Selection 11:24

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here:

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20071104.forest.04.binaural.mp3 by dobroide
ForestBirds.wav by HerbertBoland

crashcourse, science, biology, natural selection, genetics, peppered moth, inherited traits, population genetics, charles darwin, darwin, on the origin of species, evolution, adaptation, galapagos finches, fitness, variation, phenotype, heritable, malthus, survival rate, reproductive rate, crossbreeding, inbreeding, genotype, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, selective pressures, sexual selection, artificial selection, selective breeding Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.

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Table of Contents
1. Mitosis 0:24
2. Interphase 3:27
a) Chromatin 3:37
b) Centrosomes 3:52
3) Prophase 4:14
a) Chromosomes 4:18
b) Chromatid 4:31
c) Microtubules 5:07
4) Metaphase 5:22
a) Motor Proteins 5:36
5) Biolography 6:13
6) Anaphase 9:00
7) Telophase 9:15
8) Cleavage 9:25
9) Cytokinesis 9:36

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Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3 by Percy Duke

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Meiosis Clearly Explained and Simplified.
-- Mitosis Video:
-- DNA Replication Video:
-- Transcription & Translation Video:
-- More information on Meiosis:

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The information in this video is intended for educational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as medical advice. Please consult your physician for advice about changes that may affect your health.


What is Meiosis?
What is Prophase one?
What is Metaphase one?
What is Anaphase one?
What is Telophase one?
what is Metaphase Two?
What is Anaphase Two?
What is Telophase Two?
What is New Daughter Cells?
what are the stages of Meiosis?
What are the phases of Meiosis?
Meiosis animation.
Meiosis explained clearly.
Meiosis made easy.
Meiosis versus Mitosis.
Meiosis vs Mitosis.

This updated animation compares and contrasts Mitosis vs. Meiosis. This newer, updated video contains a good visual description of crossing over, which the older version did not contain. I use this PowerPoint in my biology class at Beverly Hills High School.

Teachers:
You can purchase this PowerPoint from my store on TeachersPayTeachers.com. Here is the link to my store:

In this video Paul Andersen explains the major phases of meiosis including: interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, interphase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. He explains how variation is created in the next generation through meiosis and sexual reproduction.

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Music Attribution
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly


All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
File:Karyotype Color Chromosomes White Background.png, n.d.
File:Mars-Male-Symbol-Pseudo-3D-Blue.svg, n.d.
File:Sky Spectral Karyotype.png. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 7, 2014.
File:Venus-Female-Symbol-Pseudo-3D-Pink.svg, n.d.
ScienceGenetics. Español: Espermatozoide Fecunadno a Óvulo., June 25, 2010. Own work.
Unknown. English: A Sperm Cell Fertilizing an Egg Cell, [object HTMLTableCellElement].

Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

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Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37

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oceanwavescrushing.wav by Luftrum

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The Amoeba Sisters cover meiosis and compare mitosis with meiosis! Music used with permission from Adrian Holovaty (youtube.com/adrianholovaty). Check out our FREE video handouts on amoebasisters.com!


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The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching science at the high school level. Pinky's teacher certification is in grades 4-8 science and 8-12 composite science (encompassing biology, chemistry, and physics). Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:

Recommended textbook reference is Campbell Biology from Pearson. This textbook is frequently used in high school classrooms and universities.
11th edition:

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Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body.

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Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

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Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45

2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57

3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.



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Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?

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Table of Contents
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:27
2) Sex Determination 4:59
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:48
4) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25
a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40
b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57
c) Cervix & Vagina 8:32
5) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59
b) Penis 9:37
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13

References



Campbell Biology, 9th ed.

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Mr. Andersen uses chromosome beads to simulate both mitosis and meiosis. A brief discussion of gamete formation is also included.

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How do the groups that you're part of affect you? How do you, in turn, affect those groups? Today we are talking about how people in society come together with a look at social groups. We’ll look at what social groups are, the different kinds of groups that exist, group dynamics, leadership, conformity, networks and more!

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Try Thinkwell Video Biology for Free. Click this link to try Thinkwell free, no credit card required.

A thorough and well organized explanation of this amazingly unique biological process.

This is a high school and middle school version of this process.(It is arguable one of the best meiosis videos on YouTube, but that statement is openly contestable).

Try to make your science classes more interesting by showing it to your teachers!

If you have any questions or comments, feel free to message me. Enjoy.

Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot differently compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms) do it.

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Table of Contents
1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:55
2) Ferns 02:14
3) Gymnosperms 03:35
4) Angiosperms 05:33
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here:

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The phases of Meiosis.
More free lessons at:

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In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the economy of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.

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Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google Document here:

Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33

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Comparison of the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

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This week on Crash Course Mythology, Mike is teaching you about the archetypes that are often associated with male divinities. We’re going to talk about Fathers & Sons, Kings & Judges, Saviors & Sages, Shamans, Tricksters, and Lords of Destruction. Along the way, we’ll look at the story of Hwaning, Hwanung, and Dangun from the Korean peninsula, and we’ll learn about Arjuna and all the help he got from Krishna. We’ll also touch on a ton of other myths from around the world. These things play out this way all the time, man.

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Leonard & McClure - Myth and Knowing
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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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On this Crash Course in World Mythology, Mike Rugnetta is teaching you about floods and deluges, specifically in China. In Chinese myth, flood stories pretty much all revolve around a guy named Yu the Great, or Yu the Engineer. In the distant past, he was tasked with stopping the flooding on the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, and he did it. After working on the job for 13 years. Yu also founded the legendary Xia Dynasty. Yu exists as a sort of model for future emperors. He works tirelessly on behalf of his people, and always does the right thing. He's a good emperor, and a model for rulers to emulate. He's also super cool, and can turn into a bear when he needs to dig really fast.

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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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Watch how a true diploid cell (46 chromosomes) will undergo the stages of meiosis in order to create 4 genetically unique haploid cell.

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You can purchase this PowerPoint from my online store. The link below will provide the details:


Keyword:
Meiosis
Mitosis
Chromosome
Chromatid
Chromatin
Synapsis
Crossing Over
Tetrad
Diploid
Haploid

Second episode about the most mysterious places around the world. It happens only in India… - You've probably heard that saying, you'll probably have a better understanding of it after watching this, as crazy mysteries and shocking secrets are buried
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These are the last free people on Earth... It is often thought that there are no more uncontacted peoples in the world today, but there might actually be as many as hundreds of unknown tribes and cultures that don't know about the modern society, and sometimes even think they are the only people on Earth. They just want one thing: to be left alone!


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Chromosomal crossover in Meiosis I

Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

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tags: crashcourse, science, biology, evolution, genetics, heredity, aristotle, bloodlines, gregor mendel, mendelian genetics, mendelian trait, classical genetics, chromosome, gene, polygenic, pleiotropic, allele, ear wax gene, somatic, diploid, gametes, sperm, egg, haploid, polyploid, dominance, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, punnett square, reginald c. punnett, sex-linked inheritance, autosome Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

In which John Green teaches you about World War I and how it got started. Crash Course doesn't usually talk much about dates, but the way that things unfolded in July and August of 1914 are kind of important to understanding the Great War. You'll learn about Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Pincep, the Black Hand, and why the Serbian nationalists wanted to kill the poor Archduke. You'll also learn who mobilized first and who exactly started the war. Sort of. Actually there's no good answer to who started the war, but we give it a shot anyway.

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Animation describes the process of meiosis , why offspring are not exactly look like parent ?

Hollywood was riding high until their formula got to be stale. In places like Italy and France (as well as other places in the world we'll talk about soon) filmmakers were starting to break out of the mold and make daring films that challenged the idea of what movies were and what audiences wanted. In this episode of Crash Course Film History, Craig takes us through the beginnings of independent cinema.

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It's time for the glitz and the glamour of big motion pictures that helped keep American spirits up during and after the Great Depression. Sound was a huge change to motion pictures, but there were still a few technological innovations to come, like color and aspect ration. Today, Craig walks us through the Golden Age of Hollywood.

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This week, Emily Graslie is teaching you about human ancestry and geneaology, how we got to be the species we are, and why that matters in our zoomed out look at Big History.

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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit to buy a set for your home or classroom.

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In which John Green teaches you the history of Islam, including the revelation of the Qu'ran to Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, how the Islamic empire got its start, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and more. Learn about hadiths, Abu Bakr, and whether the Umma has anything to do with Uma Thurman (spoiler alert: it doesn't). Also, learn a little about the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and how to tell if this year's Ramadan is going to be difficult for your Muslim friends. Let's try to keep the flame wars out of this reasoned discussion.


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Last week we introduced the idea of socialization and today we’re talking a little more about how it works, including an introduction to five main types of socialization. We’ll explore anticipatory socialization from your family, the “hidden curriculum” in schools, peer groups, the role of media in socialization, and we’ll discuss total institutions and how they can act as a form of re-socialization.

(This is a re-upload to fix an error in the original upload!)

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References:

Coleman, James S. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. NY: The Free Press

Hill, David, et al. Media and young minds. Pediatrics (2016): e20162591.

Vittrup, Brigitte, and George W. Holden. Exploring the impact of educational television and parent–child discussions on children's racial attitudes. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11.1 (2011): 82-104.

Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV's 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing. The American Economic Review 105.12 (2015): 3597-3632.

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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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This week on Crash Course mythology, Mike is talking to you about floods. You may have heard the story of Noah and the Ark from the Bible, but that is not the only deluge story humans tell. It's a common thing across culture. You could say the study of mythology is...flooded with them. Sorry. We'll be looking at floods from Mesopotamia from the Epic of Gilgamesh, and a flood story from the Zoroastrian tradition. And we'll look at a Roman flood story from Ovid's metamorphosis. It's a deluge of flood stories!

Most of the stories and quotations in this episode are adapted from David Leeming's Mythology textbook, The World of Myth.

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In which John Green teaches you about conflict in Israel and Palestine. This conflict is often cast as a long-term beef going back thousands of years, and rooted in a clash between religions. Well, that's not quite true. What is true is that the conflict is immensely complicated, and just about everyone in the world has an opinion about it. John is going to try to get the facts across in under 13 minutes.

Thought Café's series on the subject:

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Citation 1: Arthur James Balfour, Balfour Declaration (letter to Baron Rothschild, leader of British Jewish community). 1917.

Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.

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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here:

1:41 link to Biological Molecules

Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins.

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Table of Contents:
1) Transcription 2:12
A) Transcription Unit 3:00
B) Promoter 3:10
C) TATA Box 3:32
D) RNA Polymerase 4:12
E) mRNA 4:15
F) Termination signal 5:21
G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34
2) RNA Splicing 6:08
A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26
B) Exons & Introns 6:56
3) Translation 7:28
A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01
B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39
4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51
A) Primary Structure 11:11
B) Secondary Structure 11:23
C) Tertiary Structure 11:58
D) Quaternary Structure 12:44


Links to episodes referenced in the video:
DNA structure episode:
Animal cells episode:
Fold-it SciShow episode:

REFERENCES for this video can be found in the Google document here:

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tags: crashcourse, science, biology, DNA, titin, hot pocket, transcription, translation, gene, RNA, enzyme, transcription unit, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, TATA box, DNA strand, mRNA, messenger RNA, RNA polymerase, uracil, termination signal, RNA splicing, SNuRPs, spliceosome, exons, introns, ribosome, tRNA, transfer RNA, amino acid, nitrogenous base, codon, anticodon, polypeptide chain, folding, helix, pleated sheets, protein biosynthesis, gene expression Support CrashCourse on Subbable:

How sister chromatids separate to form gametes. Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

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Pre-order our limited edition Crash Course: Computer Science Floppy Disk Coasters here!
So we’ve talked about computer memory a couple times in this series, but what we haven’t talked about is storage. Data written to storage, like your hard drive, is a little different, because it will still be there even if the power goes out - this is known as non-volatile memory. Today we’re going to trace the history of these storage technologies from punch cards, delay line memory, core memory, magnetic tape, and magnetic drums, to floppy disks, hard disk drives, cds, and solid state drives. Initially, volatile memory, like RAM was much faster than these non-volatile storage memories, but that distinction is becoming less and less true today.

CORRECTION: AT 5:00 we say around 9 kilobytes when we should have said kilobits.

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This video has been updated! Visit: Music used with permission from Adrian Holovaty (youtube.com/adrianholovaty).

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This week on Crash Course Big History, Emily is talking about process of human evolution, and the knack for innovation that has allowed humans to become so dominant on the Earth. Human innovation, and the ability to build on those innovations generation after generation is what makes humans different than other animals. Collective learning is enabled by our highly evolved and efficient ability to communicate with each other and pass on information. With great power, of course, comes great responsibility, and how we use this powerful tool has kind of a mixed track record.

For more information, visit the Big History Project

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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How do sociologists study and understand social interaction? Today we’ll explain the language sociologists use to discuss how we interact with the social world. What are statuses and roles? How are they different? How do you acquire them? We’ll talk about why these things matter by exploring the socially constructed nature of reality. We’ll also discuss the theory of dramaturgical analysis and how we can understand social interaction as in terms of theatrical performance.

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***


Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at

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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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Today we're talking about evolution–basically the history of all life on Earth. The thing is, why are we talking about this. Well, the story of life, all the way back to single celled microbes billions of years ago, is all part of our human story. An important facet of the story of life is the story of death. This episode will look at the various mass extinctions along the way, and we'll also talk about the sixth mass extinction, which is going on now, and is kind of driven by humans. Sorry everybody.

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Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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Cell division Meiosis (e learning science)

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In which John Green teaches you about capitalism and socialism in a way that is sure to please commenters from both sides of the debate. Learn how capitalism arose from the industrial revolution, and then gave rise to socialism. Learn about how we got from the British East India Company to iPhones and consumer culture in just a couple of hundred years. Stops along the way include the rise of industrial capitalism, mass production, disgruntled workers, Karl Marx, and the Socialist Beard. The socialist reactions to the ills of capitalism are covered as well, and John discusses some of the ideas of Karl Marx, and how they've been implemented or ignored in various socialist states. Plus, there are robots!

Resources:

The Relentless Revolution by Joyce Appelby:

The Marx-Engels Reader:

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***
What exactly are Personality Disorders? How can they be diagnosed? Can we prevent some of them? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us the down low on things like Ego-Dystonic and Ego-Syntonic Disorders, Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders, and Potential Biological, Psychological, and Social Roots of these disorders.

--
Table of Contents:

Personality Disorders 02:04
Ego-Dystonic vs. Ego Syntonic Disorders 00:44
Three Clusters of Personality Disorders 02:23
Overlapping Personality Disorders 03:35
Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders 04:31
Bio-Psycho-Social Roots 06:54

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What Would Happen if the Earth Stopped Spinning? – Second Thought
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Even though we can’t feel it, we know the earth is rotating on its axis as it travels around the sun. This rotation is what gives us our regular 24 hour days and helps keep temperatures mild around the planet. What would happen if the earth suddenly stopped rotating?

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A five minute musical explanation of how meiosis creates variation!

Lyrics
Meiosis, it's how we make sex cells, or gametes
The sperm cells or egg cells performing the feat
Of moving genes forward in eukaryotes like orchids and bees.
Meiosis doesn't happen in all cells of the body
There's just a few cells that have this hobby
I'm talking 'bout germ cells in testes and ovaries,

Germ cells are diploid and what that means,
Is that the chomosomes are matched up in teams,
In each pair one's from your dad, one's from your mother.
And when you line up the chromosomes it's suddenly clear
How each is a member of a matched up pair,
Homologous pairs, each a homologue of the other.

In humans,the diploid number's forty six,
And a key trick that happens in meiosis
is dividing that number in half to 23
And that single set of chromosomes has its own name
It's called haploid in this meiotic game.
So diploid to haploid's a key meiotic strategy.

CHORUS
Meiosis, makes eggs and sperm
It's the same in the robin as it is in the worm.
Makes haploid gametes with recombination,
Meiosis creates variation!

In interphase I meiosis starts,
It's the DNA replication part
An evolutionary relic of its origin,
'Cause meiosis evolved from mitosis you see,
So each process starts identically
Replicating chromosomes into two sister chromatids.

In Prophase I chromosomes coil up, and homologous pairs pair up,
Forming tetrads, each with chromatids four.
A chiasma's the spot where the chromatids link
And synapsis is the name for the whole darn thing,
And crossing over is what this whole process is for.

See the homologues aren't identical twins-- no way!
They're not the same DNA
The genes are the same but the alleles might take different forms,
So during synapsis alleles can cross over,
Between homologues, and when it's all over,
There are gene combinations that have never been seen before.

CHORUS

Another meiotic variety creator,
Is metaphase one with homologues at the equator,
Cause how each pair lines up is random and independent,
So in one pair facing north might be the maternal,
In the next one it might be the paternal,
It's a one in two shot, it's called independent assortment.

So two pairs divide up in four distinct ways,
It's two to the number of pairs, you could say
So think 'bout us humans with 23 homologous pairs
Two to the 23rd power is a number so great,
Is 8 million,three eighty eight thousand, six-oh-eight
That's why metaphase one is a variety creating affair

And now connect this assortment with recombination,
Note that what we've got during gamete creation,
Is sperm and egg cells that are absolutely unique
So if you ever wondered how sisters and brothers,
Can be so different from one another,
Remeber these meotic recombining techniques.

BRIDGE
And if meiosis had never evolved
The book of life would be a very different tome.
Cause if it wasn't for meiosis
All offspring would be clones!

Metaphase one: homologues at the equator
Anaphase one: they say see you later
It's like Mom and Dad splitting up and setting up new homes.
Two nuclei form in telophase one,
Then cytokinesis-meiosis one is done,
We've got two haploid daughters, still with doubled chromosomes.

Now things are much simpler in part two of meiosis
Essentially it's like just mitosis,
You just need to pull those sister chromatids apart,
They line up in the center in metaphase two
Anaphase pulls them apart we're almost through,
Telophase, then cytokinesis, we're at the last part.

CHORUS