cell divison part 2

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HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION DIHYBRID CROSS CLASS X IN HINDI (BASIC BIOLOGY FOR PMT)

A Reigate Grammar School Biology Department video. I hope it helps. Designed to go hand-in-hand with the department handout.

PART 1 EXCRETORY SYSTEM for AIPMT,BHU,AIIMS,WBJEE,CPMT,BIHAR PMT etc

This dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the wonder and miracle of the cell division and cell cycle. It is designed as a motivational trailer to be shown by Biology, Biochemistry and Life Science teachers in middle and high school and college as a visual Introduction to this miracle of life. As a high school Biology teacher myself, I have found this video to truly inspire my students to want to learn more about the topic.

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This is a part of lecture presented by Dr. Ruby Singh Parmar,(Head Of The Department,Science),Biyani girls college. This video is about algae which belongs to family chara.This algae is commonly called as stone wort because it occurs in areas which are rich in limestone.In this video morphology anatomy and reproduction of chara discussed.

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All about Eukaryotic Cell a video Lecture for Hindi medium students

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We have already mentioned that a nerve impulse is electrical. This electrical charge is generated by the relative distribution of ions on both sides of the cell membrane. If there are more negative ions inside the cell with relatively more positive ions outside, the overall charge will also be negative on the inside and positive on the outside. This state is sometimes referred to as the resting potential. This is the electrical condition a nerve fibre will be in when there is no nerve impulse passing a particular point. Because in this situation there is a negative pole inside and a positive pole on the outside, the cell is described as being polarized. These are the same as the poles of a battery, one of which is negative and the other positive.
However, when a nerve impulse is passing a point on a nerve fibre, the polarity across the cell membrane reverses. There is a change in the permeability of the membrane surrounding the nerve fibre. This allows ions to pass through the cell membrane leading to a change in the relative distribution of positive and negative ions on the two sides of the membrane. The result is the inside becomes positive and the outside negative. This reversal of polarity is referred to as depolarization. After the nerve impulse has passed, the polarity reverts back to being negative inside and positive outside. The process by which resting polarity is restored is termed repolarization. From this it can be seen that a nerve impulse is a wave of depolarisation which passes along a nerve fibre. It is this electrical wave which constitutes the nerve impulse. Changes in polarity necessary for the propagation of the impulse are brought about by changes in the relative distribution and concentration of ions. These concentrations may change because ions are able to pass through the cell membrane in specialised small gaps called ion channels.

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Class 11 Biology – Biological Classification
Since the dawn of civilisation, there have been many attempts to classify living organisms. The earliest scientific methods to classify organisms were that plants were classified as shrubs, trees, and herbs and animals were classified as red-blooded and non-red-blooded. But this classification was not enough. Then came a more detailed classification of Plantae and Animalia kingdom. Is this the perfect way of classification? How would we classify unicellular and multicellular organisms? There were a lot of organisms which didn’t fall into either category. So came the need of other classification method which we’ll discuss here. We’ll learn
1. Kingdom Monera.
2. Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Fungi.
3. Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia.
4. Lichens, Viruses and Viroid.

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This Aakash iTutor video talks about preparation of alcohol using Grignard reagent. The first reaction is gregnard reagent with carbonyll compounds, which are aldehydes and ketones and this reaction is nucleophilic addition. The product undergoes hydrolysis to form alcohol. The video further gives a few examples to support the above statement which gives us a primary alcohol. The thing to note is that formaldehyde forms primary alcohols while the rest form secondary aldehydes. If we take a ketone the final product would be tertiary alcohol.

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Chromosomes

- Usually in the form of chromatin
- Contains genetic information
- Composed of DNA
- Thicken for cellular division
- Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)
Nuclear membrane

- Surrounds nucleus
- Composed of two layers
- Numerous openings for nuclear traffic
Nucleolus

- Spherical shape
- Visible when cell is not dividing
- Contains RNA for protein manufacture



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Collective term for cytosol and organelles contained within
Colloidal suspension
Cytosol mainly composed of water with free-floating molecules
Viscosity constantly changes

Centrioles

rioles- Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus
- Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules
- Involved in cellular division
- Lie at right angles to each other
Chloroplasts

- A plastid usually found in plant cells
- Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place
Cytoskeleton

- Composed of microtubules
- Supports cell and provides shape
- Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
Endoplasmic reticulum

- Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane
- Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane
- Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system
- Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
- Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface
Golgi apparatus

- Protein 'packaging plant'
- A membrane structure found near nucleus
- Composed of numerous layers forming a sac
Lysosome

- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
- Vary in shape depending on process being carried out
- Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
Mitochondria

- Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure
- Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae
- Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae
- Controls level of water and other materials in cell
- Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea
Ribosomes

- Each cell contains thousands
- Miniature 'protein factories'
- Composes 25% of cell's mass
- Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm

Vacuoles

- Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
- Contains water solution
- Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)




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Cell wall

- Most commonly found in plant cells
- Controls turgity
- Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane
- Primary cell wall: extremely elastic
- Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete
Plasma membrane

- Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic
- Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials
- Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer.

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mitosis

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Each and every atom of a covalent molecule persists a certain charge. That is not an actual charge and it is known as a formal charge, and formal charge on an atom can be calculated using a formula. She further explains how to calculate the formal charge using the formula. The instructor gives various examples and explains the calculation process methodically.

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Biology Cell Cycle & Cell Division part 2 (What is cell division, cell cycle) CBSE class 11 XI

a drawing of a bacteria cell

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Microbes in human health welfare for AIPMT,BHU,AIIMS,AIPMT,CPMT

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Paul Andersen explains the central dogma of biology. He explains how genes in the DNA are converted to mRNA through the process of transcription. He then explains how ribosomes use this message to convert the mRNA to a functioning protein. He also shows you how to decode a gene by converting the DNA to complementary mRNA and then to the specific amino acids in a protein.

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CELL CYCLE:

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. In bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is divided into the B, C, and D periods. The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication. DNA replication occurs during the C period. The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is also divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the chromosomes separate. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.

The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell divisions.

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This video describes about general characteristics of kingdom fungi which constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophs ( saprophytic or parasitic) moulds, mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs etc. yeast are unicellular, fungi are decomposers and mineralisers of biospheres.

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